C

ITATION GUIDE

Most professionally written anthropological and sociological papers today use a streamlined way of referring to other people's work, based more or less on the author-date system recommended by the Chicago Manual of Style: "Sources are cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author's last name and the date of publication. These short author-date citations are then amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is given." (University of Chicago Press 1993, 493)

In this method, numbered footnotes or endnotes are used only for material that digresses from the text; they are never used to cite an author. In general, avoid endnotes. When used, they are for additional, parenthetical information which relates to a point in your paper, but is not a part of your thesis. These endnotes may be placed on a special sheet at the end of your paper, before the bibliography.

At the back of your paper, then, should be a page entitled "References," listing the references you cited alphabetically by author and by date of publication. If you want to list other works that you consulted but did not specifically refer to, you should append a separate list called "Additional Works Consulted."

The major sociology and anthropology journals use several stylistic variants. Examples of two are given below: those of the American Ethnologist and the American Journal of Sociology. More generally, you should use the styles of the AAA (pdf -- Acrobat needed) or the ASA, or go directly to the source: the Chicago Manual of Style or one of its summaries, such as Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.

The important point is consistency: stick to whatever patterns you choose.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Basic form
When you wish to cite the author for a point your are mentioning, or for a quotation, you should use one of the following forms (and then stick with it):

The "poverty of culture" is also one of the aspects of the culture of poverty concept (Lewis 1966, 6). (Chicago Manual of Style) The "poverty of culture" is also one of the aspects of the culture of poverty concept (Lewis 1966:6). (American Ethnologist) The "poverty of culture" is also one of the aspects of the culture of poverty concept (Lewis 1966, p. 6). (American Journal of Sociology)

Author and/or title in text

The first man to define the discipline of anthropology in modern terms was Edward B. Tylor. His books, Primitive Society (1871) and Anthropology (1896) set the tone...

Multiple works by same author in same year
If you cite two or more works by the same author that are published in the same year, you should distinguish those works by adding the letters "a," "b," etc., to the year:

I am using here the definition of prescriptive marriage rule as defined by Needham (1962a:9).

Paper in edited volume
To avoid confusion, you must cite the actual paper or chapter you are referring to, NOT the entire book. An article by Geertz in a book edited by Banton would be cited as follows, and would be listed under Geertz—not under the name of the editor of the volume—in your list of references. Of course in list of references you would have to include all the usual publication data for the book, and you would give the pages of the book where the article you used is to be found. This is very similar to the procedure for citing an article in a journal.

One way of looking at culture is to discuss it as public imagery (Geertz 1966:5-8).

Two books in reference to one point

One way of looking at culture is to discuss it as public imagery (Geertz 1966:5-8; Goodenough 1963:263).

HRAF sources
It is imperative that you cite the ORIGINAL SOURCES for materials that you get from the HRAF. Thus be sure to copy the codes for the sources at the top of each microfilmed page so that if you want to refer to them in your paper you can retrieve where they came from.

FORM FOR LIST OF REFERENCES

Your list of references should take one of the following forms. (Either form is acceptable, but you must be consistent!) Style A is anthropological, as outlined in the American Ethnologist, vol. 7, #1, February 1980. Style B is sociological, as outlined in the American Journal of Sociology, vol. 97, #5, March 1992.

Style A

Geertz, Clifford 1966 "Religion as a Cultural System." In Michael Banton, ed.: Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. London: Tavistock.   Goodenough, Ward 1965 Cooperation in Change. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.   Lewis, Oscar 1966 La Vida. New York: Random House.   Needham, Rodney 1962a Structure and Sentiment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1962b "Genealogy and Category in Wikmunkan Society," Ethnology, Volume I, pp. 223-264.   Tylor, Edward B. 1928 Anthropology. New York: Appleton. (First pub. 1896.) 1871 Primitive Culture. London: John Murray.

Style B

Davis, K. 1963a. "Social Demography." Pp. 124-37 in The Behavioral Sciences Today, edited by Bernard Berelson. New York: Basic. ———. 1963b. "The Theory of Change and Response in Modern Demographic History." Population Index 29:345-66. Goode, W.J. 1967. "The Protection of the Inept." American Sociological Review 32:5-19. Moore, Wilbert E., and Arnold S. Feldman. 1960. Labor Commitment and Social Change in Developing Areas. New York: Social Science Research Council. Sanford, Nevitt, ed. 1962. The American College. New York: Wiley. Weber, Max. (1921) 1968. "Society's Problems." Pp. 12-16 in Economy and Society, edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. New York: Bedminster.

PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is theft in the academic world, and we take it seriously. It amounts to taking the fruits of another person's work without paying for them. The way you pay for what you use is simply by making it known whose work you are drawing on for your facts and ideas. This is important for two reasons: first, because people should get credit for what they did, and second, because it has to be possible to isolate your own work from that of others if teachers are going to evaluate it fairly. Therefore it is necessary to keep your reader aware, as you go along, of which ideas and facts are yours, and which ones come from the work of others. The most convenient way to do this is citations.

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